diff --git a/functions.php b/functions.php
index 3d08eb1..56b67a6 100644
--- a/functions.php
+++ b/functions.php
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ function fetchCats() {
     $pdo = startDB();
 	$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM category');
 	$stmt->execute();
-	$cats = $stmt->fetchAll();
+	$cats = executeQueryWithoutConstraint('category','*')->fetchAll();
 
     return $cats;
 }
@@ -35,13 +35,7 @@ function checkListing() {
 }
 
 function getListing() {
-	$pdo = startDB();
-    $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM auction WHERE listing_id = :listing_id');
-    $values = [
-        'listing_id' => $_GET['listing_id']
-    ];
-    $stmt->execute($values);
-    return $stmt->fetch();
+	return getFirstAllMatches('auction', 'listing_id', $_GET['listing_id']);
 }
 
 function populateCatSelect() {
@@ -52,4 +46,45 @@ function populateCatSelect() {
     }
     return $output;
 }
+
+function executeQuery($tableName, $colName, $constraintCol, $constraint) {
+	$pdo = startDB();
+	$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT '. $colName .' FROM '.$tableName.' WHERE '. $constraintCol .' = :constraint');
+	$values = [
+		'constraint' => $constraint
+	];
+	$stmt->execute($values);
+	return $stmt;
+}
+
+function executeQueryWithoutConstraint($tableName, $colName) {
+	$pdo = startDB();
+	$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT'.$colName.'FROM '.$tableName);
+	$stmt->execute();
+	return $stmt;
+}
+
+function getFirstMatch($tableName, $colName, $constraintCol, $constraint){
+	return executeQuery($tableName, $colName, $constraintCol, $constraint)->fetch();
+}
+
+function getEveryMatch($tableName, $colName, $constraintCol, $constraint){
+	return executeQuery($tableName, $colName, $constraintCol, $constraint)->fetchAll();
+}
+
+function executeAllQuery($tableName, $constraintCol, $constraint) {
+	return executeQuery($tableName, '*', $constraintCol, $constraint);
+}
+
+function getEveryAllMatches($tableName, $constraintCol, $constraint) {
+	return executeAllQuery($tableName, $constraintCol, $constraint)->fetchAll();
+}
+
+function getFirstAllMatches($tableName, $constraintCol, $constraint) {
+	return executeAllQuery($tableName, $constraintCol, $constraint)->fetch();
+}
+
+
+
+
 ?>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/public/account/addAuction.php b/public/account/addAuction.php
index f3617c8..2c4f669 100644
--- a/public/account/addAuction.php
+++ b/public/account/addAuction.php
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ if (!isset($_SESSION['loggedin'])) {
 }
 
 require_once '../../functions.php';
-$pdo = startDB();
 
 $pageContent = '<h1>Add auction</h1>
 <form action="addAuction.php" method="POST">
@@ -21,14 +20,9 @@ $pageContent = '<h1>Add auction</h1>
 require '../../layout.php';
 
 if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
-    $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = :user_id');
-    $values = [
-        'user_id' => $_SESSION['loggedin']
-    ];
-    $stmt->execute($values);
-    $user = $stmt->fetch();
-
+    $user = getFirstAllMatches('users', 'user_id', $_SESSION['loggedin']);
 
+    $pdo = startDB();
     $stmt = $pdo->prepare('INSERT INTO auction (title, description, endDate, categoryId, email) 
     VALUES (:title, :description, :endDate, :categoryID, :email)');
     $values = [
diff --git a/public/account/login.php b/public/account/login.php
index 844951f..5f384ee 100644
--- a/public/account/login.php
+++ b/public/account/login.php
@@ -15,12 +15,7 @@ require_once '../../functions.php';
 $pdo = startDB();
 
 if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
-    $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = :email');
-    $values = [
-        'email' => $_POST['email']
-    ];
-    $stmt->execute($values);
-    $user = $stmt->fetch();
+    $user = getFirstAllMatches('users', 'email', $_POST['email']);
     if (password_verify($_POST['password'], $user['password'])) {
         $_SESSION['loggedin'] = $user['user_id'];
         if ($user['admin'] === 'y') {
diff --git a/public/index.php b/public/index.php
index 139ebfa..8e59a2d 100644
--- a/public/index.php
+++ b/public/index.php
@@ -35,28 +35,16 @@ function populateList($category) {
     }
 
     foreach ($listings as &$listing) {
-        
-
-        $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM category WHERE category_id = :category_id');
-        $values = [
-            'category_id' => $listing['categoryId']
-        ];
-        $stmt->execute($values);
-        $listCat = $stmt->fetch()['name'];
-
-        $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT MAX(amount) FROM bids WHERE listing_id = :listing_id');
-        $values = [
-            'listing_id' => $listing['listing_id']
-        ];
-        $stmt->execute($values);
+        $listCat = getFirstAllMatches('category', 'category_id', $listing['categoryId'])['name'];
+        $bid = getFirstMatch('bids','MAX(amount)', 'listing_id', $listing['listing_id']);
 
         $output .= '<li>
         <img src="assets/product.png" alt="product name">
         <article>
             <h2>'. $listing['title'] .'</h2>
-            <h3>'. $listCat .'</h3>
+            <h3>'. $listing['categoryId'] .'</h3>
             <p>'. $listing['description'] .'</p>
-            <p class="price">Current bid:'. $stmt->fetch()['MAX(amount)'] .'</p>
+            <p class="price">Current bid:'. $bid['MAX(amount)'] .'</p>
             <a href="listing.php?listing_id='. $listing['listing_id'] .'" class="more auctionLink">More &gt;&gt;</a>
         </article>
         </li>';
diff --git a/public/listing.php b/public/listing.php
index 4288e4d..f737dd1 100644
--- a/public/listing.php
+++ b/public/listing.php
@@ -17,12 +17,7 @@ if (isset($_POST['bidSubmit'])) {
     $stmt->execute($values);
 }
 else if (isset($_POST['reviewSubmit'])) {
-    $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = :email');
-    $values = [
-        'email' => $listing['email']
-    ];
-    $stmt->execute($values);
-    $user = $stmt->fetch();
+    $user = getFirstAllMatches('users', 'email', $listing['email']);
 
     $stmt = $pdo->prepare('INSERT INTO review (review_user, review_date, review_contents, user_id)
     VALUES (:review_user, :review_date, :review_contents, :user_id)');
@@ -44,28 +39,9 @@ checkListing();
 
 
 function populateContent($listing) {
-    $pdo = startDB();
-    
-    $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM category WHERE category_id = :category_id');
-    $values = [
-        'category_id' => $listing['categoryId']
-    ];
-    $stmt->execute($values);
-    $category = $stmt->fetch();
-
-    $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT MAX(amount) FROM bids WHERE listing_id = :listing_id');
-    $values = [
-        'listing_id' => $listing['listing_id']
-    ];
-    $stmt->execute($values);
-    $bid = $stmt->fetch();
-
-    $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = :email');
-    $values = [
-        'email' => $listing['email']
-    ];
-    $stmt->execute($values);
-    $user = $stmt->fetch();
+    $category = getFirstAllMatches('category', 'category_id', $listing['categoryId']);
+    $bid = getFirstMatch('bids','MAX(amount)', 'listing_id', $listing['listing_id']);
+    $user = getFirstAllMatches('users', 'email', $listing['email']);
 
     $output = ' <img src="product.png" alt="product name">
     <section class="details">
@@ -85,6 +61,10 @@ function populateContent($listing) {
 
     </section>';
 
+    $output .= '<section class="reviews">
+    <h2>Bid History </h2>
+    <ul>'. getBids($listing['listing_id']) .'</ul>';
+
     $output .= '<section class="reviews">
         <h2>Reviews of '. $user['first_name'].$user['last_name'].' </h2>
         <ul>'. getReviews($user['user_id']) .'</ul>
@@ -106,29 +86,24 @@ function populateContent($listing) {
 }
 
 function getReviews($user_id) {
-    $pdo = startDB();
+    $reviews = getEveryAllMatches('review', 'user_id', $user_id);
     $output = '';
-    $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM review WHERE user_id = :user_id');
-    $values = [
-        'user_id' => $user_id
-    ];
-    $stmt->execute($values);
-    $reviews = $stmt->fetchAll();
-
-    
-
     foreach ($reviews as &$review) {
-        $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = :user_id');
-        $values = [
-            'user_id' => $review['review_user']
-        ];
-        $stmt->execute($values);
-        $user = $stmt->fetch();
+        $user = getFirstAllMatches('users', 'user_id', $review['review_user']);
         $output .= '<li><strong>'.$user['first_name'].$user['last_name'].' said </strong>'.$review['review_contents'].' <em>'. $review['review_date'] .'</em></li>';
     }
 
     return $output;
 }
 
+function getBids($listing_id){
+    $bids = getEveryAllMatches('bids', 'listing_id', $listing_id);
+    $output = '';
+    foreach ($bids as &$bid) {
+        $user = getFirstAllMatches('users', 'user_id', $bid['user_id']);
+        $output .= '<li><strong>'.$user['first_name'].$user['last_name'].' bid </strong>'.$bid['amount'].'</li>';
+    }
+    return $output;
+}
 ?>
 //TODO: add bid history
\ No newline at end of file